Health Education And Planning Assessments - 1347 Words

Within certain themes within Health Education, planning assessments can be used to show understanding e.g. weekly food plans within the Physical Health content. Overall Health Education would be an excellent addition to work alongside PSHE and Citizenship, the making of a statutory health education would highly benefit its pupils in their personal development. The second subject to be added into the curriculum would be Multi-Media studies. This subject will reflect today’s society and teach skills that are needed due the growth of technology (Wise 2000; Bazalgette 2010). Multi-Media studies would involve aspects of other subjects such as I.C.T, music, business and technology, thus allowing for cross curricular work to take place (Howard,†¦show more content†¦This is because as discussed in the National Association for the Education of Young Children (2016), young children also want to use technology that older individuals use (National Association for the Education of Young Children, 2016). By providing Multi-Media as a subject it means younger children can seek and develop their own skills and creativity through the basic use of technology e.g. using basic computer programs/ learning how to take a photo on a camera. Furthermore while there is a current GCSE called Media Studies (AQA, 2016), it can only be studied within ye ar 9 onwards meaning pupils might not have learnt any skills within the previous years’ regarding media which could be a disadvantage for some. The GCSE is also time constricted as it has to be taught within just two years. Similar to that of the current I.C.T subject within the national curriculum, Multi-Media studies will allow for creativity (Department for Education, 2013), the amount of areas of study mean that pupils can thrive and creative within the subject. The National Advisory Committee on Creative and Cultural Education (1998:3) report states that â€Å"there is stronger emphasis on creative and cultural education†. The Multi-Media Studies subject would allow for creativity to be shown through numerous ways such as through graphic design, game design, filming, editing as well as broadcasting and photography. As a result of the content that will be within the program of study, pupils will

Machiavelli’s Pyschological Game in “The Prince” Free Essays

Machiavelli’s â€Å"The Prince†: By Any Means Necessary Part 15 of Machiavelli’s The Prince, entitled Of the Things for Which Men, and Especially Princes, Are Praised or Blamed, states that, in order for a man to maintain control of a government and better that territory, he must engage in certain actions that may be deemed immoral by the public he serves. Machiavelli argues a valid point, that the nature of man is twofold, encompassing good and evil, right and wrong. The effectiveness of his argument, however, relies on the fact that the person reading his essay is an objective observer of human nature. We will write a custom essay sample on Machiavelli’s Pyschological Game in â€Å"The Prince† or any similar topic only for you Order Now Not leaving this to chance, Machiavelli plays a psychological game with the reader in order to convince them of his argument. Machiavelli prefaces his thesis with commentary that attempts to place the reader in a subordinate state-of-mind. He confesses to the reader that he fears sounding presumptuous for writing about a subject covered many times before by others and differing from their opinion in the matter. This statement places the author at the mercy of the reader and prepares them to hear an idea that may not be popular. Having been asked forgiveness or the pride of the author, the reader drops barriers that he may have against arguments driven by ego and opens his mind to Machiavelli on a personal, sincere level. By placing himself at the feet of the reader, Machiavelli puts himself and his argument in a position of power. He wastes no time in using this power to gain more control over the reader. In the next sentence he states that his intention is to create an outline for behavior in public office † of use to those who understand†. This statement compels the reader to agree with the points that the trustworthy, orthright Machiavelli argues, or be relegated the ranks of those ignorant dullards that do not understand. Machiavelli then presents his thesis, that a ruler must use both good and evil in order to maintain his power over the state. The reader has almost no choice but to accept this idea before any proof has been given. With the reader in the palm of his hand, Machiavelli needs only to make a very general argument of his point to convince the reader of its validity. The author states that there are actions for which a prince is either praised or blamed. He lists many examples of good qualities and their opposing attitudes. Instead of labeling them good and evil, however, Machiavelli titles them imaginary and real. By calling the good traits and the leader who possesses them imaginary, he removes the bite that the mention of evil doing may have on the reader. Removing this emotional punch makes his thesis, that evil behavior is necessary to properly rule, obvious. Machiavelli applies the rules he sets out for successful management of a nation to his own writing. He is cautious not to offend the reader ith a statement that is too specific. He manipulates the mind of the reader in order to quell his emotions and make him more accepting of his opinion. He seems weak when he is most powerful and seems powerful when he has no legs to stand on. He is cautious and polite when his foe’s defenses are up and attacks with all of his resources at his foe’s weaknesses. Machiavelli writes a strongly convincing essay. The proof for his opinion lies not only in the words he speaks but in the flow and believability of the work itself through the utilization of the very techniques he exhorts. How to cite Machiavelli’s Pyschological Game in â€Å"The Prince†, Essay examples

Century Rap Music free essay sample

In the past, hip-hop had special meanings, like fighting for human sights, cheerful life experiences, testimonials Of rough childhoods, and stories common people can relate too; that is what made rap popular and appealing. Listening to experiences and feelings expressed in hip-hop had listeners saying Theses so true, or Theses exactly how I feel. That same appeal is used in the 21st century however in a totally different contest. Rap played on the radio in the 21 SST century is all about partying, doing drugs, and sex, while songs off the radio are even worse with themes that include violence, suicide, harder drugs, rape, and prison.One can argue that these themes are in fact real life experiences, however, the chances that any of these situations would actually happen to an average person is ridiculous. Another can argue that the themes of the present are the same as they were in the past, but to a much more explicit extent and this rationalization allows such content to become acceptable in 21 SST century society. ! This essay will investigate the absurdity of messages and content of contemporary rap and how they affect morals of listeners and future generations of musicians and listeners.For example, most contemporary rappers talk about al the girls in clubs that are dressed so shamelessly and provocatively and having an endless amount of sex with them while drinking an endless amount of alcohol and smoking an endless amount of marijuana. These behaviors have semantically transferred into the norms and socially acceptable behavior among youths. Starting as early as high school, teens and young adults go out to parties, drink, do drugs, and become sexually active at an early age because that is the message contemporary rap songs are portraying. The most absurd fact about the direction that music is heading is that there is thing anyone can do about it; under freedom of speech and creation in America, these artists are protected and are able to create and say whatever they want. The concept of a seven year old child listening to songs like Rack City by Toga where he is throwing hunnish, hunnish as one would do in a strip club is absurd. However because it has a catchy beat and is played on the radio regularly, parents are not aware of the songs message and allow their children to listen.This paper will also explore the acceptance of such profane lyrics and messages by 21st century youths and adults that allow heir children to be exposed to such topics. To answer these problems, will analyze a few popular 21st century rap lyrics based off Billboard. Comas Top 100 Hip Hop Songs over the past 12 years and other scholarly articles on similar topics. This composition will study five major themes in rap music and explore each them e in depth: substance abuse, social context, gender roles, and the extremities. ! .Substance Abuse! Substance abuse is one Of the most common themes in rap music today. Rappers today endorse excessive alcohol consumption and drug use. Over the past forty years, alcohol and primarily marijuana usage has been incorporated in more rap music. Some artists even have their names made from having a reputation of marijuana usage, like Snoop Dog and Wiz Kali. According to Denies Herds article, Changes In Drug Use Prevalence In Rap Music Songs, 1979-1997, drug usage has increases significantly as a major topic in rap music.Over the time span of 20 years, drug prevalence in rap songs has gone up from 11% in 1979 to 69% in 1997. This article also shows a change in attitudes towards drugs in actual songs; in 1 979, there was a 16% positive attitude toward drugs in songs and a 68% negative attitude awards them, in 1997, there was a 58% positive attitude toward drugs in songs and a 24% negative attitude towards them. There is enough research to show that this is a strong upward trending use of drugs in rap music. This change in attitudes towards drugs from a negative opinion to a positive one in music changes the public opinion.The positive opinion of drug use is making it more socially acceptable for recreational drug use; in the recent 201 2 elections, Washington and Colorado have legalized recreational marijuana use. Is there a connection between rap music and these states legalization? Has rap music influenced the public with their ideas that has made these activities acceptable? No research shows that there is but the prevalence of drugs in rap music definitely makes it clear that there is a growing socia l acceptance of partaking in drugs. Examples of drugs are all over the place in rap music. According to Billboards R/Hip-Hop Songs chart of most popular rap songs of the week, popular rapper 2 Chains has 3 songs in the top 20. His most popular song, No Lie (feat. Drake), highlights drug usage very frequently. The very first line of the song, l am smoking on that gas, and then every other line after has a drug preference. Chains references cocaine, heroine, and lean, better known as purple drink which is a mix of Codeine and soda.Another rapper with growing popularity and the number one rapper to look out for in 2012 according to About Entertainment, A$AP Rocky also has songs featuring heavy drug usage. Rocks most popular song on Youth with 16 million views and bestselling song on tunes, Purple Swag, opens with the line, This is for my n*gas getting high on the regular/ Purple drink, still sip, purple weed blunt still lit, where in the first lines he mentions purple drink and marijuana usage. The opening line is a hook to pull listeners who regularly partake in illicit drugs. This reflects most of A$Paps music themes and listeners who dont do drugs may be influenced to try them because A$AP would be dedicating his music to them. ! The transformation of messages in rap music from political activism, an exposure of black culture, and the hardships of African American life to living a life full of materialism, drugs, and sex is absurd. The roots of hip-hop come from black suppression, hate, and the need to better African American culture and that fueled listeners to do something; it fueled movements. Hempstead, Gangs Raps Heroic Substrata: A Survey Of The Evidence) Rap groups like Www-Tang Clan, N. W. A. , and Public Enemy produced music about black empowerment and giving power to the people, and now today we have rappers like 2 Chains and ASAP Rocky who primarily focus on substance abuse, materialism, and women. Just like in the past, rap music is very influential on its young listeners and instead of empowering young people to stand up for their rights and use rap music as an outlet to channel their emotions, today rap music pushes the idea that doing drugs is an O.K. , fun thing to do. There is enough research and evidence to show that doing illicit drugs is terrible for your physical and mental health, hence their illegality, but contemporary rap music is making it acceptable to do these drugs which is absurd.! II. Social Context! Rap and hip-hop today is very influential on most people but more influential young African Americans (Chem., Miller, Grebe, Influence Of Music On Youth Behaviors). Rap music contains messages of how to have a good time, party, act in public, and even influences how people talk.Because rappers are public figures, their actions are constantly in the spotlight, whether it be in the news, bloods, music magazines like Rolling Stone, or in music videos, making them role models. A role model, as defined by Dictionary-corn, is a person whose behavior, example, or success is or can be emulated by others, especially by younger people, (Dictionary. Com). Applying the concept that any public becomes a role model to rap music and this definition tells us that young people look up to these musicians as models of what is hip or cool.Chem., Miller and Grebe anonymously surveyed 1 ,056 students (62% non- white, 57% female) in California ranging from ages 15-25 (mean age 18. 9) and asked hem 5 questions: what music they listened to out of 15 genres, alcohol use and frequency, illicit drug use and type and frequency, aggressive behaviors like fighting, and preferences for sensation seeking. The research showed that rap music was the most popular and was consistently and positively associated with use of alcohol, malt-liquor, potential alcohol-use disorder, marijuana, club drugs, and aggressive behaviors.! A very popular rap song that is considered an anthem by Billboard. Com is The Motto (feat. Ill Wayne) by Drake. The song received the Greatest Gainer/ Airplay award with an increase of 3. Million audience impressions from its release in November 2011 to January 2012 (Billboard. Com). The message that became a phenomenon from this song is You Only Live Once, better known as YOLK, from the catchy and unforgettable chorus, Now she want a photo/ You already know though/ You only live once/ T hats the motto, n*gag, YOLK. This song does not explicitly give directions on how to party, however, its message greatly influenced American youth. YOLK, almost like a modern day carper diem, is used by teens as an excuse to either try something stupid or take a risk they normally would not take. It can be seen as a positive titivation, but in some cases it has been taken to far. Ervin Muckiness, a 21 year old aspiring rapper, died in a tragic car accident in September 2012 after tweeting, Drunk [as f*KC] going 1 20 drifting corners #F*skit YOLK, (Cockshies, The Huffing post).This event shows a tragedy fueled by the YOLK hype, and shows the extent of influence that rap music has on its listeners. ! Another example of rap songs that influence social behavior is French Montanas song Pop That (feat. Rick Ross, Drake, Ill Wayne). If, as shown in Chem., Miller, and Grebes research, rap music influences how teenagers and young adults act at parties or in other social contexts, then this song is a perfect example of influencing its listeners to act a certain way.Pop That peak at number 2 of Billboards Chart, and its main theme is telling women to dance by popping their butts, everyone at the party to get drunk, have sex, and smoke marijuana. If Chem. and co. s research is viable, then this song influences young adults to partake in these activities. ! ! The absurdity behind this is the effect of raps influences. If absurdity is something that is wildly unreasonable, then these effects fit perfectly as absurd. Why is it acceptable to use YOLK as an excuse to do something dangerous and stupid? Why do children look at these rap stars as role models?Why has it become acceptable for young adults to act shamelessly and do what rap songs tell them to do? It is absurd to thing that children as young as 15 who listen to rap music are more likely to partake in the use of alcohol, malt-liquor, potential alcohol-use disorder, marijuana, club drugs, and aggressive behaviors in todays world. The absurdity comes from the fact that people can be so influenced by what they hear at parties, on the radio, or n their own that actually causes them to act a certain way in social situations, because rap music depicts how you should act.Rappers make the music they feel and enjoy, but what they seem to forget is that because they are public figures; they are in fact role models that influence those who listen to the music. It is absurd to think that these adults would be making songs that tell children as young as 15 that drinking doing drugs, having sex, and being promiscuous is fun and acceptable, after all, YOLK. And what is also absurd is how rap has come to this; as Hempstead said in his essay, Gangs Raps Heroic Substrata: ASurvey Of The Evidence, rap used to be about black empowerment, fighting the powers that suppress those being suppressed, and personal hardships, and now rap is about Rick Ross telling girls to drop that p*sys, b*itch, (French Montana, Pop That (feat Rick Ross, Drake, Ill Wayne)). Rappers like Public Enemys frontal Chuck D rapped about themes like standing up for what you believe in, political activism, and fighting for freedom, What has happened to rappers like Chuck D and Public Enemy?Where are the musicians that believe in a cause that has a positive influence on their listeners? There are no rappers in todays most popular rap music that stand for something they strongly believe in with a positive message, instead rap is now heading in a direction that no longer carries the same positive influential meanings that it once has.! Ill. Gender Roles! Rap is notorious for its constant themes of female subordination.Rappers constantly talk about women as material and sexual objects; not even as human beings (Conrad, Dixon, Gang, Controversial Rap Themes, Gender Portrayals And Skin Tone Distortion: A Content Analysis Of Rap Music Videos). In rap videos, men are generally seen in a more positive light than he women in the videos; women are generally seen as subordinate to the men and are usually wearing provocative clothing. Women in rap lose their identity and become objects of sex to the rappers. The opinion of women is visible in both rap songs and videos.!In rap songs, rappers constantly talk about women as objects and put them down with demeaning terms. One of the most common words in rap music today is pitch, which is defined as a spiteful or unpleasant woman and is most commonly used a very insulting and demeaning term towards women (Schneider, Culture, Rap Music, Pitch, And The Development Of The Censorship Frame). Rappers use the term so liberally to euthanize the women they speak to, this makes the women become objects for the male rappers disposal. Billboards number one Heatings Song, ASAP Rocks F*kicking Problem (feat.Drake, 2 Chains Kindlier Lamar) main message is that these rappers, as 2 Chains puts it, Love bad hitches, thats [their] f*kicking problem/ And yeah [they] like to f*KC, [they] got a f*kicking problem. A Heatings Song is a song that is most popular across all formats of music outputs by new or developing acts. This hook that is repeated throughout the Eng demonstrates that these artists do not recognize women as anything other than objects for sex. These artists have so much sex that apparently it has actually become a problem, but they like sex and they love not the women, but the bad pitches. The absurdity arises from the fact that women still listen and enjoy this music. Approximately 42% Of raps audience are women according to Vociferate. Com; the fact that almost half of the listeners and implied supporters of this type of misogynistic music are women is ridiculous and absurd.! ! There is a larger effect of rap videos on female youth. Women in rap videos seen wearing promiscuous clothing and in submission to male rap stars. Studies show that teenage girls, age 14-18, who watch the videos tend to be more promiscuous, more subordinate to black males, and dress and talk the same way as portrayed in the videos.Also, teenage girls who watch more videos tend to partake in binge drinking, marijuana use, sexual activities with multiple partners, and have a negative body image (Davies, Images Of Sexual Stereotypes In Rap Videos And The Health Of African American Female Adolescents). It is absurd that teenage girls are more likely to act like this due o rap videos. The influences that rap music and videos have on female youth are evident through this research, and it is absurd that rap music influences these youth in such a way to push them to behave in such a way.! IV. Extremes!The final section of this paper discussed the extremities of popular rap music. One rap group I would like to focus on is the notorious Los Angels based Odd Future Wolf Gang Kill Them All, or OFFSHOOT. The groups most popular member and leader, Tyler, The Creator, has gained much attention for his controversial lyrics, videos, mannerism, actions basically much attention has en focused on the controversy that is Tyler, The Creator. Tellers claim to fame is his debut album, Goblin, where it debuted at the number one position on Billboards Top RB/Hip-Hop Albums chart.Tyler in the same year won the MAT Video Music Award for Best New Artist and his most popular song, Yonkers, beating out fellow musicians: Big Sean, Wiz Kali, Foster the People, and Greenshank. There is no research done to prove this, but the reason why Tyler was so successful with his major label debut was due to the shock value that came with his style and themes, not because people actually agreed with what he said, hope. Tellers themes on his album include: rape, murder, suicide, drug abuse, misogyny, domestic violence, sexual activities, homophobia, blasphemy, and multiple personality disorder.It is unbelievable to see people buying this music and in a sense supporting what he does with his music; it is absurd. Everything Tyler says is figurative, and his fans still support this kind of imagination and thought. Even just the fact that he says fagged 213 times in his album is absurd; that word is a word derived purely from hate of homosexual people, yet Tyler claims that he is not homophobic or even hates homosexuals at all. In an interview with NAME, Tyler said, Im not homophobic. I just think fagged hits and hurts people. It hits. And gay just means youre stupid.I dont know, we dont think about it, were just kids. We dont think about that SSH*t. But I dont hate gay people. Dont want anyone to think Im homophobic. This statement and idea he has that using the word fagged is acceptable because he is not homophobic is completely absurd. It is even absurd and ironic that someone who says fagged 21 3 in one album would even go on to say he does not want people to think he is homophobic.! If anyone else was saying what Tyler says, they would probably be recommended for mental help, but instead Tyler is praised and respected for it.He was even given the award of Best New Artist. Saying that Tellers music with messages of murder and rape is the best new thing in 201 1 is ridiculous and absurd. Even other artists like Indies duo Texan and Sara are offended by what Tyler stands for. Sara said in a post, While an artist who can barely get a sentence fragment Out without using homophobic slurs is celebrated on the cover of every magazine, blob and newspaper, Im disheartened that any self- respecting human being could stand in support with a message so vile, (NAME).This phrase summarizes the absurdity with Tyler, The Creator and the success and fame he has achieved. Tellers recognition and praise for such extreme and grotesque rap music is beyond absurd.! However, does Tellers claim to fame and popularity foreshadow what is to come in rap? This type Of extreme rap has been out there with rappers like Immortal Technique and Tech Nine, but now it is receiving mainstream recognition and praise.

Women’s Literature Essay Example

Women’s Literature Essay In 1971, Ntozake Shange adapted her Zulu/African name that replaced her real name Paulette Williams as a rebellion and a rejection from her middle-class upbringing. Ntozale Shange, meaning â€Å"she who comes with her own things† and â€Å"who walks like a lion,† respectively is born in October 18, 1948.Shange lived the American dream only for a short period of time—for the wealth and cultural background can never protect her from experiencing racism at the age of eight. In St. Louis, she is integrated n the school system of the all-white school. She is not prepared for the kind of school who will mold her to a life full of alienation and frustration. Her gender became an obstacle since it limited her to lots of things just because she was a woman. The gender issues she felt during her formative years translated into having an anti-female aura later on.Five years after their stay in St. Louis, Missouri, the whole family returned to New Jersey. She continued honin g her craft as a writer—writing short stories and poems to express herself while divulging her feelings toward the whole world and the society she is into. Criticisms flowed like water since her works are dominated with a â€Å"black voice,† and eventually discouraged from pursuing her dream, her outlet of emotions, her only companion—the pen and paper. With her four suicide attempts, she managed to continue her life and devote her time to writing and performing arts.She stayed in California after being a graduate form the University of California. During her residence in California, Shange immediately discovered the cathartic effect of the fusion of writing and performing, while redefining her being as a woman determined to declare and disseminate the power and cultural heritage of black women throughout the community (Nelson 422).Ntozake Shane’s proved herself to the limelight in the late 1970s. Four of her best-known dramatic works became the start of her career being a playwright. Her most popular work, For Colored Girls Who Have Considered Suicide/When The Rainbow Is Not Enuf, began as a cycle of seven poems in 1974, and by 1976 it had reached Broadway. Boogie Woogie Landscapes appeared as a one-woman show in 1978 and in play form in 1979. Spell # 7: Geechee Jibara Quik Magic Trance Manual For Technologically Stressed Third World People first appeared in 1979 (Olaniyan 172). It gave way for the mainstream theater to acknowledge the presence of black dramatists in the field of theater arts. The smash hit For Colored Girls Who Have Considered Suicide/When The Rainbow Is Not Enuf won an Obie award in 1977. This breakthrough inspired female playwrights and other scholarly publications to feature black theater arts in the late ‘70s. Her revolutionary pieces about racism and gender issues have been brought around the globe and translated in different languages. This breakthrough started the advocacy for black women in the socie ty.Social MilieuThe 1970s is a decade for the disintegration and decline of the civil rights movement. Court decisions combined with the laws, hoping to put an end to the segregation in the community of white Americans and black Americans did not materialize. As whites fled to the suburbs, businesses relocated outside the city, making it more difficult for African Americans to find work. At the same time the whole American economy is shifting from a manufacturing to a service base; blue-collar jobs are steadily decreasing as white-collar ones became more plentiful—with a requirement for technical skills and a high educational attainment. Most of the underprivileged African Americans are unable to qualify with these requirements. Thus, the black Americans are trapped in an unstable and fluctuating economic crisis bound with a deteriorating physical environment due to poverty (Olson 91).During the 1970s, African-American leaders turned attention to the issue of poverty and the prevalent institutional racism to be reformed by the civil rights movements and advocacies. The Civil Rights Act of 1968 had eliminated many forms of housing discrimination, but African-American leaders concluded that if school integration are to wait for integrated neighborhoods, it will probably never happen. They believed that â€Å"busing† children is the only way to overcome segregation in schools and second-class education for African-American children. However, opponents of the â€Å"busing† claimed that it will only â€Å"disrupt the lives of children and their families.† The Supreme Court, mediating with the two factions, decided to continue the â€Å"busing† since earlier plans of desegregation did not make any improvement in the educational opportunities of the black Americans (Olson 92).The issue on sexism, which is defined as the attitudes toward women because of their gender, became to be a social problem in the ‘70s. Since black famil ies are usually headed by women, the discrimination is much greater compared to a white female American woman. Discrimination varies from employment to bank loans and the administration of appropriate justice. Black women also experience disproportional levels of mental and physical abuse from black men because of more frequent institution barriers and frustrations experienced by black men compared to that of the white men (Hill 45).The civil rights movement joined other prominent groups since they constitute â€Å"only 12 percent of the American population,† hence the force to fight with the drive of equality with these white Americans is fair and influential. They included themselves in the Democratic Party, and labor union leaderships. They slowly won the loyalty of a large number of white Americans in this process. People with fair and just minds will have a natural feeling that â€Å"keeping an individual from the right to vote,† win a position from the public off ice, or go to any school or university on the basis of ethnic group association or race is deemed to be wrong and unjust (Olson 92).Analysis of For Colored GirlsTheatrical performances are not always based on the theoretical formulations of the dramatists. It becomes a process of capturing an identity and bringing it to life. The identity of the characters may reflect the real character of the dramatist, and in the process of conceptualizing the character, the African-American culture and nationalism emerges deep in the roots of Ntozake Shange.Shange’s literary works represent the tortured moment of becoming itself, the moment of emergence and discovery of the true meaning of living. The late 1970’s makes it clear that Shange’s work as a playwright, especially in for colored girls, represented a moment of crucial importance and truth in the black American history. The process of becoming is Shange’s subject, â€Å"our struggle to become all that is forbi dden by our environment, all that is forfeited by our gender, all that we have forgotten.†Much in the history of for colored girls is contributed to the discovery of open form, which Shange used in this collection of poems. One example in the poem for colored girls, she initially visualized the women as anonymous entities of all the cities in America. Women belonged to anyone, as how the society tells them to be. The African-American women are to be nameless, without their own voices for a very long time and now regained their selves as they saw one another living in a different cultural ideology and breaking the traditional stereotypes of women of color. They are beginning to compose themselves with hegemony, with a dictation in their own lives. The unpredictability of the poem for colored girls is evident from the beginning. The dialectic performance of two cultural tongues conjured in a single being is one of the unpredictabilities of the poem. The process of self-expressio n is another unpredictability of the poem. From the use of the art of dancing to the use of the whole poem itself is a transition from one form of art to another. Even the word â€Å"choreopoem,† meaning a piece that is part dance and part language, was coined to describe a kind of writing that â€Å"fits in between all† genres and does justice to â€Å"human beings’ first impulses,† which â€Å"are to move and to speak.†Shange’s use of the word colored represented the other cultural groups as well, not only the African American. Her focus in this selection is the relationship between a black male and a black female, and how oppression became a part of the black American history. There is a paradox about Shange’s poetry, in general. Her works are inscribed with the tensions of a very specific time and place, which is during the 1970s. Indeed, we can see that she also spoke for herself in this selection.This selection also contains a g reat deal of violent behavior with regard to the oppressive white American culture. The hostility can be seen with the attack on the white English such as:i cant count the number of time i have viscerally wanted to attack deform n maim the language that i waz taught to hate myself in†¦. The mess of my fortune to be born black English-speaking†¦(Schlueter 198).This created the verbal distortions that took place in the whole poem for colored girls.Shange’s drama decisively participates in the urgency for freedom and empowerment of women of color. She translated her madness in the poem for colored girls while taking into consideration the young adults and other cultural minorities to be affected with her dramatic composition. The use of two languages as a means of switching from one cultural perspective to another became suggestive to her audiences. The dialogic character is an engagement of the characters to the indefatigable space between the American culture and th e African culture (Olaniyan 121). In effect, this translates in the construction of gender-informed cultural identity, which Shange used as a point of departure for her written account.In the poem for colored girls, there is no one and concrete result to the process of becoming. The unity of the characters, as projected in their dance, established a connection between and among the characters but it does not necessarily mean that they will have the same endings. Therefore, there is no one unifying end. The process of freedom through self-empowerment is the process, in which all the characters are engaged.   What is more, communal expression may well be the only outlet for a certain range of feelings, according to Shange: â€Å"in addition to the obvious stress of racism in poverty/afro-american culture†¦has minimized its emotional vocabulary to the extent that admitting feelings of rage, defeat, frustration is virtually impossible outside a collective voice.† Shangeâ⠂¬â„¢s dramas wander through a maze of personal and collective experience, only to coalesce in a chant that unites the subjective and the inter-subjective (Olaniyan 136). The women of colored girls chant how they have found god in themselves and how they love one another, while dancing together, as a sign of unity for a common belief—freedom, power, and fulfillment, without the oppressive forces to stop them.Shange portrays black men as shallow, ominous beasts and accuse her of neglecting to dramatize the material reasons for oppression. This oppression came from frustrations and insecurities to white men. In retaliation, black men engage in maltreatment of their wives and passing on their personal burdens to the black women. With Shange’s use of dance, in conjunction with drama, it created something exclusively for women alone, with the control of their own pleasure and solidarity apart from the black men.None of these endings, including the discovery of â€Å"godâ⠂¬  and the journey towards spirituality within one’s self, the appreciation and happiness of being black, or the urge to be like a white American woman can dictate the future of the characters (Schlueter 199). It is only the beginning of another journey towards the self-discovery of their destinies and progressive futures. It is an escape for the emptiness and alienation as long as one realizes the potentials of individual effort driven by suffering and despair. It only became a meeting point for them to realize that there is another world in front of them, self-existent and revolutionary, in a way that they themselves can choose to be a part of it.

The Cost of Health Care

The Cost of Health Care Free Online Research Papers Health care finance has changed drastically over the last five decades. Initially, Medicare and Medicaid were established to help the elderly, lower income families, and the disabled, afford decent medical care. It has now grown into a multi-billion dollar industry and over the years it has changed to benefit not only the elderly and poor, but everyone. As medical technology grows, so do the costs of health care for everyone. In his health care reform, President Obama says our health care system is one of the biggest causes of our economic troubles, going so far as to name it a, â€Å"ticking time-bomb.† (Johnson, Linda A., 2010). Historical Trends in Healthcare According to National Health Statistics Reports, an estimated 44 million people in the United States lacked medical insurance for the year 2008. The National Health Institutes Survey or the NHIS, found that from the year 1959 through 1968, the percentage of people who had health insurance was steady at 79% but took a significant nose dive to 67% by 2007. The NHIS was started in 1957 and since that time there have been many changes in the way health care is financed. (Cohen, Robin A., Makuc, Diane M., Bernstein, Amy B., Bilheimer, Linda T., Powell-Griner, Eve.,2009). Medicare and Medicaid were brought into being by the Social Security Act of 1965. These two programs were brought about to help provide financing for the medical needs of low income families, the elderly, and disabled people. Only 8 years after they were formed, the Health Maintenance Organization Act of 1973 was passed by Congress. The HMO Act provided grants and loans to start or expand HMO’s and for some HMO’s, it removed certain state restrictions. This act also required companies of a certain size to offer their employees the choice of an HMO or the more traditional health insurance. (Woolley, John T. Peters, Gerhard, 1973). In 1985, the Consolidated Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act (COBRA), was passed, allowing employees who have been terminated or quit their jobs to continue coverage at their own expense for up to eighteen months. In addition to offering this option to former employees, COBRA also entitles children and spouses of employees who have passed away to continue their insurance coverage for up to 3 years. Almost ten years after this was enacted, the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1986 was passed. The U.S. Department of Labor explains HIPPA as providing, â€Å"rights and protections for participants and beneficiaries in group health plans.† (U.S. Department of Labor (UDL), no date given). HIPPA also limits exclusions for preexisting conditions and does not allow for discrimination based on an employee and his or her dependents based on their health. (UDL, no date given). These important acts, along with many other acts, laws, and events help us to see where health care finance has been and where it is heading. Our health care history and the costs of health care impact our access to care and the costs on the delivery of these services. Impact of Health Care Costs on Access Many people are facing gaps in their health insurance coverage because of rising health care cost in the American. According to Commonwealth Fund Biennial Health Insurance survey, between 2001 and 2003 the cost of health increased from 29% to 37%. Even with health insurance, almost 29% of the insured were not able to afford the care they needed. Higher health costs prevent people from seeking medical attention when needed as well as preventing them from filling prescription, skipping medical tests and foregoing treatments they need. (Collins, 2004). According to The Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, 16 % of those who are carry public insurance, 6 % with private insurance coverage, and 11% of those who have Medicare and a supplemental policy, have trouble getting in to see a specialist when one is needed. Another 5 percent with Medicare reported difficulty to seeing a specialist. (Carper, Kelly, Mashlin, Med Steve, MS. (2009). There are many other groups with limited access to quality health care due to the cost factor, two being, those with chronic illnesses and children. Impact of Health Care Cost on Service Delivery According to World Health organization (2010), â€Å"health services are the most visible part of any health system, both to users and the general public.† Health services rely on recourses, treatment, staff, drugs, and finance. Health services have influenced prevented treatment in home health care and community services. One way of improved quality of health services is providing organizational managed services to its providers. High rising cost of health care always affect the economics of financial security of patients. The rapid health care cost has increased due to the rise of diabetes, heart disease, and asthma. A key issue that threatens health services is the lack of management and consumers trust. Another key factor for increasing health cost is payment policies reimbursement rates of Medicare and Medicaid. These services can be reduced by improving efficiency of delivery of service, finance, and reduce the rate of spending growth. With data met decision makers establish goals to assure policies pricing are cost effective and overall improvement for low income patients. The continuous rise of health care cost is continuing to increase insurance premiums, consumers out of pocket cost, and employers. With this notion the rising cost of health care cost has burden consumers and employers. Government Attempts to Control Costs Recommendations for Improvement Providers work hard to provide care and save lives. Therefore, the successes that care provider provide is different across the country. The providers are paid by today’s payment center because of the quantity of care of work than working together for the outstanding care. The system â€Å"reformed† will give payments toward activities that the provider provides in a fashionable manner, this shapes the growth in spending. The United State spends more than 17% in health care. When 2017comes the health care will use up 20% of the gross domestic product. The spending is increasing and the nation ranks low-in places. The report shows no progress toward the quality of care containing the cost of patients and the provider. Because the spending is so high is invariable to the patients, business, state, and federal governments. In 2008 the wrong payment for Medicare was 3.6%. The National Health Care Anti-Fraud Association calculated $60 billion per year. This protects the pro grams and cut abuse, fraud, and waste that compete in health care. Public schools and private schools are affected by the health care. Federal health programs for instance Medicare induce the wide changes in the system. Medicare flourishes higher quality, and more cost effective care throughout the health system. In conclusion, currently the quality of our health care programs and the rising costs are at their worst in decades. The government and our current generation needs to strive towards making the needed changes to improve our health care programs with a positive and secure future for the next generation. References Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. (2010). One in 13 U.S. Who Needed to See a Specialist Reported Access to Be a â€Å"Big Problem†. Retrieved from: ahrq.gov/news/nn/nn012010.htm Carper,Kelly, Mashlin, Med Steven MS. (2009). Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. Variations in Perceived Need and Access to Specialist Care among Adults in the U.S. Civilian Noninstitutionalized Population, 2007. Retrieved from: meps.ahrq.gov/mepsweb/data_files/publications/st274/stat274.shtml Cohen, Robin A., Makuc, Diane M., Bernstein, Amy B., Bilheimer, Linda T., Powell-Griner, Eve. (2009). Health insurance coverage trends, 1959–2007: Estimates from the National Health Interview Survey. National health statistics reports; no 17. Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics. Retrieved February 15, 2010 from cdc.gov/nchs/data/nhsr/nhsr017.pdf. Collins, Sarah R. (2004). The Commonwealth Fund. Health Care Costs and Instability of Insurance: Impact on Patients’ Experiences with Care and Medical Bills. Retrieved from: commonwealthfund.org/Content/Publications/Testimonies/2004/Jun/Health-Care-Costs-and-Instability-of-InsuranceImpact-on-Patients-Experiences-with-Care-and-Medical.aspx Johnson, Linda A. (2010). QA: Why health care’s economic impact matters. USA Today. Retrieved February 15, 2010 from www.usatoday.com/news/health/2009-06-19-health-economy_N.html. Tate, Angel. (2010). What Can Be Learned from the Historical Trends in Rising Health Care Costs? A Look at a Century of the Costs of Health Care. Retrieved February 15, 2010 from associatedcontent.com/article/2695537/health_care_reform.html?singlepage=true. U.S. Department of Labor. (no date given). Continuation of Coverage- COBRA. Retrieved February 15, 2010 from dol.gov/dol/topic/health-plans/cobra.htm. U.S. Department of Labor. (no date given). Portability of Health Coverage- HIPPA. Retrieved February 15, 2010 from dol.gov/dol/topic/health-plans/cobra.htm World Health Organization. (2010). Health Service Delivery. Retrieved from who.int/healthsystems/topics/delivery/en/index.html Woolley, John T. Peters, Gerhard. (1973). The American Presidency Project. Santa Barbara, CA. Retrieved February 15, 2010 from presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=4092. Research Papers on The Cost of Health CareTwilight of the UAWInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductThe Effects of Illegal Immigration19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraMoral and Ethical Issues in Hiring New EmployeesNever Been Kicked Out of a Place This NiceLifes What IfsQuebec and CanadaPETSTEL analysis of India

A Midsummer Nights Dream by William Shakespeare

William  · Shakespeare's Midsummer Night's Dream is unique as there is a drama during the play. Shakespeare uses the character 's funny nature to describe the drama. Characters can be divided into four groups: the Athens Court (Duke, Hippolyte, Eggers, Philippines), the young lover (Helmer, the responder, Helena, Demetrius), the fairytale kingdom (Oberon, Titania, pack and small fairy) ); And workers (bottom, quince, flute, nose, star level, and perfect). William  · Shakespeare's Midsummer Night's Dream Author: Midsummer Night's Dream Depending on William Shakespeare, I was born in Stratfort-upon-Avon (Stratfort Upon Avon) in 1564. After he attended Stratford School, he married Anne Hathaway in November, 1582. Five years later, they got their first daughter. For some reason, he went to London and became an actor play writer. At the beginning of his career, he was both an actor and a writer ... - William Shakespeare's Midsummer Night's Dream as there is a drama in the play. Shakes peare uses the character 's funny nature to describe the drama. Characters can be divided into four groups: the Athens Court (Duke, Hippolyte, Eggers, Philippines), the young lover (Helmer, the responder, Helena, Demetrius), the fairytale kingdom (Oberon, Titania, pack and small fairy) ); And workers (bottom, quince, flute, nose, star level, and perfect). William  · Shakespeare's Midsummer Night's Dream William  · Shakespeare's Midsummer Night's Dream has an infinite image of water and moon. Both images give a sense of calming women's temperament and mind. In classical myths, the image of the water is often associated with the goddess of Aphrodite, passion and love. Aphrodite was born in the sea bubble and was honored as a loyal wife of her husband Hephaestus (Grant 36). This may directly affect the infidelity of the four lovers in the forest, Hermia, Helena, Lysander, Demetrius.

Addictions Theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Addictions Theory - Essay Example They facilitate customer case administration and probation supervision for each case. They hold normal audit gatherings and regular court hearings to screen every guilty partys circumstance. They utilize graduated approvals and unmistakable prizes to spur guilty party consistence, and they check for violations by leading various irregular or unannounced medication tests Adult drug courts utilize a project intended to lessen medication utilization backslide and criminal recidivism around litigants and guilty parties through danger and needs appraisal, legal connection, following and supervision, graduated assents and impetuses, medicine and different recovery administrations. Juvenile drug courts apply a comparative system demonstrate that is customized to the needs of adolescent guilty parties. These projects give youth and their families with advising, instruction and different administrations to: push quick intercession, medicine and structure; enhance level of working; location issues that may help pill utilization; assemble abilities that build their capability to lead medication and wrongdoing free lives; fortify the familys ability to offer structure and direction; and advertise responsibility for all included. Family drug courts underline medicine for folks with substance use issue to support in the reunification and stabilization of families influenced by parental pill utilization. These projects apply the grown-up medication court model to cases entering the kid welfare framework that incorporate assertions of youngster ill-use or disregard in which substance misuse is distinguished as a helping element. Drug Court is simply voluntary and individuals alluded to Drug Court are viewed as addicts, not offenders. They are treated with respect and are relied upon to take part in the advancement of medication

Melting Points and Cooperative Identification of Organic Solids Lab Report

Melting Points and Cooperative Identification of Organic Solids - Lab Report Example This is by deriving mixed melting point by obtaining that of the two compounds having a ratio of 1:1. This was instrumental in ascertaining mixture melting point that helped in identifying these compounds. In addition, comparing the already obtained data solid with dissimilar appearance has high melting points in its both mixed (1350C) and pure states (1870C). Hence, indicating its strong covalent bond where by in former state weakened due to dissimilar forces with the other component. The purpose of this experiment entails the determination of the given compound’s melting point. In this experiment, the melting point measurements they are for four organic solids. Hence, the ascertainment process encompasses utilizing the scientific premise that diverse compounds differ significantly in terms of their melting points. This is because of their respective structural bonds that have varying attraction strengths. Scientifically, ionic compounds are stronger in comparison to their covalent counterparts, which are weaker besides having diminished bond strength. From the obtained data, it is quite evident respective melting points across the groups of mixed substances are a bit low compared to pure solids. Probably, this is because of mixed and unequal attraction bonds/ Van der Waals amid the involved substances. This is evident whereby their pure state The experiment is somewhat an attempt of solving a puzzle. This is because for scientific discoveries, most scientists have to cooperate with each other. Great teamwork is crucial especially in the modern science. In several occasions, it is possible for diverse scientists to make the same discovery, at the same time, in different parts of the world. For the scientist to prove that they are using the same substances, they have to exchange their biological specimens or chemical samples and data. The melting points for the

Globalization & Gender Inequality Essay Example for Free

Globalization Gender Inequality Essay News reports suggest that economic giants from third world Asia namely China and India are expected to grow at the rate of 9. 7 and 6. 5 percent respectively. The GDP growth rate of these nations is much higher than that of any developed nation and hence are the two fastest growing economy of the world. China has now become the factory of the world with large multinational companies infusing lots of money in establishing manufacturing units and India is now one of the major destinations for back office jobs and is the leading service sector economy. The process which has got its roots right from the beginning of 20th century with the beginning of economic cooperation between Europe and the United States later became synonymous with the word development in Far East Asian Countries including the ASEAN (The World Bank Group, 2000). But still this globalization has yet to make this world a better place to live. The concern related to the globalization process is the growth which is visible is actually more of mathematical in nature than the real cumulative growth. It might be taking place at the cost those who are less privileged (Kumar, 2007). The purpose of this paper is look into the existence of gender inequality in the current scenario where globalization has made the whole world a village with each country having its own identity and purpose in this world. Exchange of information and knowledge is perhaps the simplest in the history of mankind with details of culture of one state can easily be gathered for study, research as well as adoption. But when the matter of gender equality comes into picture then the globalization has miserably failed in making its impact. Developed nations as we all know have made great advancements in implementing the concept of gender equality while the other developing and under-developed nations have miserably failed. As a whole in the developing nations including the Middle East region, globalization has brought great increase in country’s GDP but social structure of these nations have been far from with atrocities against women are almost similar prevalent in early 20th century (Ramji, 1997). Literature Review The economic growth produced and as defined in above paragraphs has yielded results more in terms of mathematical or statistical in nature. The definition of this economic growth in terms of increases in national income has actually undermines women and its contribution to the society. Various activities which are not directly related to economic nature are not being made a part of the national accounting system. Areas of work such as mothering or child-rearing and housework, socially constructed for women, are not included as work when national growth and GDP is being calculated. The UNDP Human Development Report 1996 has concluded that the much propagated economic growth and its expansion since 1980 recent decades show all too clearly that there is no actual relation between economic growth and human development especially females. The concept of Human Development Index (HDI) has been defined in order to calculate the average of the achievements a country undertakes when human capabilities are taken as the variable to measure. The term is being sub varied with smaller variables which includes life expectancy at birth, adult literacy rate, and real gross domestic product per capita i. e. , the PCI which comes into picture when we consider GDP as one of the variable rather the most important variable (Ramji, 1997). The human society has been given a broad view including both men and women while calculating the development of the society as a whole and its multi sided presence. The actual calculation of improvement on domestic front is being measured in terms improvement in human well-being taken along with economic growth targets. Feminist have been known to follow Walter Rodneys definition of development in which an individual and his capability is given a level crafted out comparison with some standard value. The capability and its improvement imply the very increased skills and capacities enabling greater freedom over creativity coming out of self-discipline though responsibility and material well-being. The definition go on emphasizing on the features that holds true in sense of moral categories and its evaluation over a nation depending on the class in terms of social origin, personal code for the classification of what is right and what is wrong and age in which one lives. At the level of a community, sustainable human development is defined in terms of the development that gives priority to the poor, enlarging their choices and opportunities and providing for their participation in decisions that affects their lives. This development is pro-people, pro-nature, pro-employment, and pro-women and not only generates economic growth but also distributes its benefits equitably thereby regenerating the cohesive environment which empowers people. But here the ambiguity comes along with segregated approach towards women which is more gender gapped approach with facilitators enabling sustainable development programs that gives high priority to the poor with assumption being that the state of poverty is quite natural and any solution to achieve 100% poverty eradication is unrealistic. But the Human Development Report (1995, p4) has provided the feministic approach to poverty which suggest that almost 70% of total poor are actually women. The definition as of now used to consider poor as a whole but the reality across. But the reality talks of poverty among women are along with different parameter. It presents a very different picture and even in well to do families the condition of women is not good. In the paper by Vincent J. Bolt and Kate Bird, lack of resources and asymmetrical power relations often result in the discrimination of resources of the intra-household resources which include food, health care and education (13). Even if the females manage to earn some money, their income is being considered as the household income and again they have face discrimination when it is being distributed (Bolt, 14). Poverty and lack of education has prevented any possible social renaissance. The birth of a male child is still considered as very important phenomena. This sometimes led to the birth of a number of girls when parents go on giving birth to babies till the birth of a male child. With already poor household and lots of mouth to feed and a male child, the female members are forced to sacrifice their share in every possible resource sharing (Bolt, 20). The Helsinki Process in its report has stated that families suffering with persistent poverty and hunger are more prone to disease and violence especially domestic violence (11). The report also states that these people perform badly on health index too. They are in continuous chain of disease, conflict and with poverty contributing a lot to epidemics of infection with all access to health care being blocked (Helsinki Process, 15). So it’s not a surprise if world wide more than 500,000 women die annually in pregnancy with 99% being a part of developing but poor countries (Helsinki Process, 15). A family is always talked of being a unit of social system but in some part of western world and almost whole of Asia and Africa, the life of women and children is miserable because of conditions in the family itself. There have been some cases that family is rich. The male part comprising of father and son are financially sound but females’ condition is not just bad rather it is miserable. The family is seldom a unit. Distribution of resources is rarely equal. Females are given less food. All this leads to a condition where women are poor while their husbands or brothers or sons are not. But this is not the end of all sorts of oppressions. The newly searched form of household abuse is men afflicting their wife with HIV/AIDS virus. In most of the poor families, males migrate to cities in search of work and money. They get themselves affected with virus because of unprotected sex. And when they return they finally transmit it to their wives. Due to this, number of innocent sufferers of this deadly virus is on increase with potential high enough to cause an epidemic (Jacobson, 41). Poverty and continuous domestic violence has its effect not only on current generations but also on next generation because of children being regularly exposed to violent behavior. This actually opens a cycle of oppression and aggression with those children becoming more volatile and aggressive. Their chances of economic and academic successes get diminished to another low and will become another source of family and household abuse (Bloom, 16). Conclusion So technically there exist two causes of womens poverty: the first one is absolute poverty while the second one is subordination within the family. When Globalization is talked about then with relevance to the women and men, it is basically a process presented in terms of economic and political paradigm through wide range of variables namely finance, investment, production and marketing that are being dominated by visionary banks and firms with actions spread across national borders and interests. But the thing globalization in terms of poor only presents another way of capitalism and monetary dominance with profiteering over cheap labor and atrocities of poor. Extending the same when looked upon with women in view gives a more grim view. The males have been found to usurp the decision making control irrespective of the family ((Ramji, 1997). condition. The Middle East region and other South Asian regions are very much prone to these social problems. Males have been found to try their best to prevent all sorts of help and any attempt of abused to attain economic independence. These males are poor and are thrashed all over their lives initially during childhood and now by their employers. Their level of frustration is extremely high which finally lead to their wives and children who are now at the receiving end of their frustration. They are alcohol abused and finally abuse their family members (Bloom, 13). Wife beating is a regular feature in those families. These people are very much prone to high risk sex and they finally transmit all this to their wives (Bloom, 23). The wives have more in their life left. They can only hope some thing better in next life only. With most of these cases being a part of developing nations and war torn ones, the chances of getting justice is the least. They are abused on every possible ground and may become mentally unstable with effect being faced by the child they have born. Bibliography Bloom, Sandra L. , â€Å"The PVS Disaster: Poverty, Violence and Substance Abuse in the Lives of Women and Children†. September 2002. A Review of the Recent Literature Women’s Law Project, 2002 http://www. sanctuaryweb. com. â€Å"Empowering People at Risk: Human Security Priorities for the 21st Century†. Helsinki Process. Robinson, M. , â€Å"Advancing the Human Development Agenda: A Shared Responsibility†, January, 2005. Third Forum on Human Development Cultural Identity, Democracy and Global Equity, Paris. â€Å"Poverty and Violence†. http://familystudies. boisestate. edu/pdf/Paper2_Carmody. pdf Bolt, Vincent J. Bird, Kate. â€Å"The Intrahousehold Disadvantages Framework: A Framework for the Analysis of Intra-household Difference and Inequality†, July 2003. Chronic Poverty Research Centre. Kumar, A. (2007). Does Foreign Direct Investment Help Emerging Economies? Insights from the Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas, vol. 2, no. 1 â€Å"Security on Whose terms? If Men and Women are equal†. Kevinna Till Kevinna Foundation. â€Å"The NSDUH Report: Youth Violence and illicit Drug Abuse†, 2006, National Survey on Drug Use and Health â€Å"Surviving Violence and Poverty: A Focus on the Link between Domestic and Sexual Violence, Women’s Poverty and Welfare† 2002. Now Legal and Education Fund Ramji, S. (1997) Globalization and Gender Inequality, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada V5A 1S6 The World Bank Group (2000), Assessing Globalization, Economic Policy Group and Development Economics Group

Liquid Liquid Extraction Essay -- essays papers

Liquid Liquid Extraction We were asked to extract benzoic acid from a kerosene-benzoic acid mixture. This was to be done using the stirred liquid-liquid extraction column in the senior laboratory. Fresh water was used as the continuous phase in the extraction. We were asked to measure the benzoic acid concentrations of the feed, raffinate, and extract streams. These measurements were to be made at several different steady-states. The number of theoretical stages and the height of the theoretical stages (HETS) was also to be determined. Because the liquid-liquid extraction column had not been used in several years our assignment also included discussing any problems with the process and possible solutions. The discussion of equipment, results, and experimental procedure will be discussed in the following paper entitled "Liquid-Liquid Extraction.† Even though the process had not been used in several years, everything worked very well. The flow meter used to measure the water flow rate had a small leak which was easily remedied using a bucket. One of the storage tanks still had approximately 400 liters of kerosene with a benzoic acid concentration of 0.00208 (gm/mL). Using this as a feed for the process, concentrations of benzoic acid in the aqueous extract were found to be 0.00109 (gm/mL) and 0.000783 (gm/mL) for two separate steady state experimental runs. The flow rates of the kerosene feed for the two steady states were 0.361 (gal/min) and 0.157 (gal/min) respectively. The number of theoretical stages for a flow rates of 0.361 (gal/min) and 0.157 (gal/min) were determined to be 1.76 and 0.87 stages respectively. With the height of the column equal to 48.9 inches the HETS for the two steady state conditions were 27.71 inches and 56.42 inches respectively. Transferring the benzoic acid from the kerosene into the water was accomplished without any major problems. The equipment worked very well except for minor problems with the water flow meter. After working on the process we would recommend that it be used more often. We also believe the results obtained from our experiments are accurate and well within experimental error. SUMMARY Liquid-Liquid Extraction of Benzoic Acid The number of theoretical stages and the height of the equivalent theoretical stages were determined for a liquid-liquid extraction proce... ... state conditions to have given good separations. We also believe the correlation between the pH of the aqueous benzoic acid solution and the actual acid concentration to be accurate. We recommend that the liquid-liquid extraction column in the senior laboratory be used more. The process is very interesting and appears to work well. Nomenclature Symbol Definition Units Xf Concentration of benzoic acid in the feed kerosene (gm/mL) Xr Concentration of benzoic acid in the raffinate (gm/mL) Ys Concentration of benzoic acid in the extract (gm/mL) m slope of the equilibrium line dimensions e extraction factor dimensions N number of theoretical stages dimensions Zt actual height of experimental column (inches) HETS height of equivalent theoretical stages (inches) References Robbins, L. A., â€Å"Liquid-Liquid Extraction†, in Perry’s Chemical Engineers’ Handbook, Sixth Ed., D. Green and R. H. Perry, McGraw Hill, New York, NY, p 51-1, (1984) Allerton, J., â€Å"Liquid Extraction in Perforated-Plate and Packed Towers.† American Institute of Chemical Engineers. 39:361-384 (1943). Liquid Liquid Extraction Essay -- essays papers Liquid Liquid Extraction We were asked to extract benzoic acid from a kerosene-benzoic acid mixture. This was to be done using the stirred liquid-liquid extraction column in the senior laboratory. Fresh water was used as the continuous phase in the extraction. We were asked to measure the benzoic acid concentrations of the feed, raffinate, and extract streams. These measurements were to be made at several different steady-states. The number of theoretical stages and the height of the theoretical stages (HETS) was also to be determined. Because the liquid-liquid extraction column had not been used in several years our assignment also included discussing any problems with the process and possible solutions. The discussion of equipment, results, and experimental procedure will be discussed in the following paper entitled "Liquid-Liquid Extraction.† Even though the process had not been used in several years, everything worked very well. The flow meter used to measure the water flow rate had a small leak which was easily remedied using a bucket. One of the storage tanks still had approximately 400 liters of kerosene with a benzoic acid concentration of 0.00208 (gm/mL). Using this as a feed for the process, concentrations of benzoic acid in the aqueous extract were found to be 0.00109 (gm/mL) and 0.000783 (gm/mL) for two separate steady state experimental runs. The flow rates of the kerosene feed for the two steady states were 0.361 (gal/min) and 0.157 (gal/min) respectively. The number of theoretical stages for a flow rates of 0.361 (gal/min) and 0.157 (gal/min) were determined to be 1.76 and 0.87 stages respectively. With the height of the column equal to 48.9 inches the HETS for the two steady state conditions were 27.71 inches and 56.42 inches respectively. Transferring the benzoic acid from the kerosene into the water was accomplished without any major problems. The equipment worked very well except for minor problems with the water flow meter. After working on the process we would recommend that it be used more often. We also believe the results obtained from our experiments are accurate and well within experimental error. SUMMARY Liquid-Liquid Extraction of Benzoic Acid The number of theoretical stages and the height of the equivalent theoretical stages were determined for a liquid-liquid extraction proce... ... state conditions to have given good separations. We also believe the correlation between the pH of the aqueous benzoic acid solution and the actual acid concentration to be accurate. We recommend that the liquid-liquid extraction column in the senior laboratory be used more. The process is very interesting and appears to work well. Nomenclature Symbol Definition Units Xf Concentration of benzoic acid in the feed kerosene (gm/mL) Xr Concentration of benzoic acid in the raffinate (gm/mL) Ys Concentration of benzoic acid in the extract (gm/mL) m slope of the equilibrium line dimensions e extraction factor dimensions N number of theoretical stages dimensions Zt actual height of experimental column (inches) HETS height of equivalent theoretical stages (inches) References Robbins, L. A., â€Å"Liquid-Liquid Extraction†, in Perry’s Chemical Engineers’ Handbook, Sixth Ed., D. Green and R. H. Perry, McGraw Hill, New York, NY, p 51-1, (1984) Allerton, J., â€Å"Liquid Extraction in Perforated-Plate and Packed Towers.† American Institute of Chemical Engineers. 39:361-384 (1943).

Existentialism and the Meaning of Life Essay

This paper will discuss the existentialist position and how different societal factors contribute to the creation of different meaning in a person’s life. It will study how value systems are formed and will borrow heavily from Jean Paul Sarte’s concept of â€Å"existence precedes essence.† It is important to note that the author will present the arguments and correlate it with the two films that were used in writing this paper. First, I will explain the meaning of life and how it is created. Next, there will be a brief discussion on how state apparatuses like religion and the government keeps aims to keep the meaning of people’s lives in certain restrictive areas. Then I will outline the different arguments of existentialist philosophers particularly that of Sarte and Albert Camus. â€Å"Man is nothing else but what he makes of himself† (Miller & Jensen, 2006). People are all born out of the wonders of biological functions but as people leave the protective womb of their mothers, they will be exposed to different stimulants in the environments. And this will prompt them to learn things different from how other people learn it. Therefore, a man is a sponge who absorbs information in very unique ways. And the things that were absorbed create a man who has an equally unique reason for the meaning of his existence. The very question of life is what paved the way for the existential branch of philosophical studies. It is by way of nature that beings search for the meaning of life. But humans as we are, there will be different interpretations of the meaning of life. Each person is blessed with the unique ability to identify different reasons for his existence. And there are also different perspectives used to uncover the meaning of life. Thus, for this paper we will use Jean Paul Sarte’s theory of â€Å"essence precedes existence†. Backgrounder The ultimate goal in finding the meaning of one’s life is to â€Å"make a rational sense out of life† (Stewart & Blocker, 1987). Self actualization is one of the things specified in the hierarchy of needs. And in order to know the personality of one’s self, it is fundamental to make sense of life in itself. Unlike the perspective of the absurdists—people who focus on the â€Å"meaninglessness of life and the vacuity of human existence† (Stewart & Blocker, 1987)—existentialists seek meaning in the rather meaningless world in order to affirm the significance of their existence.

Knowledge and Organizational Learning Essay

The emerging importance of social media was not one that has taken the corporate world by surprise. By empowering people with the sensibility that their voice matters and can make a difference, social media technologies have altered forever how people communicate and the way companies conduct their business. The success of Web 2. 0 lies primarily in the network effects which creates a sense of community. With the implementation of effective social media strategies, many global brands have won the hearts of their customers simply through staying connected and relevant. As such, this essay will explore how social media when managed strategically in an organisation, can be used to improve its ability to share knowledge across space and time, support innovation, aid problem solving and build social capital. Some case studies of organisations excelling through their social media platform will be discussed and evaluated. It must be noted however, that social media in all of its glory can act as a double edged sword when it is not used appropriately. Improving knowledge sharing Knowledge could be defined as ‘actionable information’ that allows one to make a more informed decision and provide an effective input to conversations and innovation at organisation levels (Jashapara, 2011). It enables one to act more effectively and aid in the ability to better predict future outcomes. A major challenge in organisations today is fostering a knowledge sharing culture. Whereby explicit knowledge is somewhat easy to codify and stored, the sharing of tacit knowledge remains rather equivocal. Through communities of practice which connects people through shared mutual interest and expertise in a specific discipline, organisations are now able to foster the kind of knowledge sharing culture they aspire (Burk, 1999). These social and professional networks create a virtual platform for employees to share relevant experiences and best practices, as well as identify knowledge gaps in their learning. As the ‘bite-size’ information is now readily accessible, learning and knowledge sharing becomes more convenient and easily assimilated. Yammer, an enterprise social networking tool is used by over 200,000 companies and more than 80% of Fortune 500 companies for internal communications and knowledge sharing (Customer Success). Launched in 2008, it drew inspiration from Facebook and Twitter where it features social networking as well as mircroblogging with a secure and private network. Designed for company collaboration, file sharing and exchange of knowledge and information with other users within their organisation or pre-designated groups, Yammer has successfully removed geographical barriers and creates immense knowledge sharing opportunities. It is imperative to note that there are two internal cultural forces that impacts learning and effectiveness in organisations (Jashapara, 2011). In an organisation culture with strong forces of cooperation, it is an ideological organisation where employees are more inclined to share knowledge and expertise. Conversely, if the forces of competition are dominant, it may create silos mentality whereby there is unwillingness to share knowledge in order to gain a competitive advantage (Holst & Fields, 2010). Despite having the various technologies in place for knowledge sharing, there must be interpersonal trust between employees in order to facilitate the exchange of knowledge (Lucas, 2005). Affect-based trust which is built on mutual care and concern between employees is a predominant factor as to one’s willingness to share tacit organisation knowledge. It is found that individuals who were friends were more inclined to share personal and tacit knowledge with one another (Epsein, 2000). The tacit knowledge transfer is characterized by interpersonal relationship as well as long-standing working relationship which will motivate an individual to act in ways that benefit the other (Smedlund, 2008). Hence, with trust and a culture to share, the silo mentality of an organisation will be diminished and they will reap the benefits of knowledge sharing. Supporting innovation Innovation is the ongoing process of discovering new products for the customers or improving work process and efficiencies (Jashapara, 2011). It is no longer a question whether an organisation should pursue innovation but rather, it is a prerequisite for achieving a competitive advantage and success in many industries today. Innovation spurs motivation and efficiency within an organisation and though effective innovation management, it can increase market share through existing markets and capture new markets as well (Potecea & Cebuc, 2010). Customer experience will be enhanced with improved product quality and with wide range of choices made available to them. Innovation prevails in organisations with flexible and adaptive structure, a culture of trust and knowledge sharing and led by a committed management team who are motivated to promote organisation learning (Dasgupta & Gupta, 2009). Through the use of effective social media strategies, an organisation now has more platforms share ideas, gather feedback and innovate on product offerings and customer experience. One prime example is Starbucks’ own version of a social network portal, ‘My Starbucks Idea’ where it is an avenue for customer to share their own Starbucks related ideas (My Starbucks Idea). Inaugurated in 2008, it leverages on desire for engagement and interaction in social network by giving users the ability to share and vote for ideas and check on the outcomes of their suggestions. Through this platform, Starbucks is able to hear directly from their customers and act upon the ideas thereby cultivating and creating great consumer value and community. My Starbucks Idea’ is complemented with Starbucks Blog, ‘Ideas in Action’ which features contributions by various Starbucks employees who shares on the implementation of the ideas given by users through the ‘My Starbucks Idea’ site (Ideas In Action). Ultimately, through the use of social media, Starbucks is clearly prioritising their communication with customers and this creates an e ven greater sense of loyalty to know that their ideas are valued and implemented. It gives customers the empowerment to be involved in part of the decision making process and the ability to shape the future of Starbucks. Aid problem solving The emergence of problem-finding and problem-solving approach highlights the importance of identifying problems to solve, seizing opportunities and overcoming the challenges in organisations (Nickerson, Yen, & Mahoney, 2012). Through the multiple channels of social media, organisations can now connect with customers and hear first hand of their experiences and address problems instantaneously. A good example of an organisation leveraging on social media to aid problem solving is Best Buy, the world’s largest consumer electronics retailer (About Best Buy). Through the years, they have provided customers with exceptional choice, unbiased advice and trusted support for their technology needs. Galvanised by the influence and power of social media, Best Buy created a feed on Twitter called Twelpforce to provide solutions for customers (Dunn, 2010). Those who are having technical problems are able to post it on Twelpforce and a team of Best Buy associates or other Twitter users can post solutions or suggestions. By monitoring the feeds, Best Buy’s management are able to hear unbiased customers’ feedback on their products and assist them in real time. Twelpforce also presents the opportunity for new sales as individual choices are largely influenced and made on the recommendations and advocacy of others (Cunningham, 2012). Electronic word of mouth is especially powerful as the people in an individual’s social network are usually deemed as a trustworthy source of information (Curran, O’Brien, & O’Hara, 2011). Through Twitter and other social media platforms, Best Buy demonstrates their commitment to rejuvenate and refine their customer experience, and at the same time, drives value and innovation to create a more positive and connecting world. Building Social Capital Social capital refers to the active connections and network of relationships between people: the trust, mutual understanding and shared values which binds them together and facilitate coordination and cooperation for mutual benefit (Cohen & Prusak, 2002). It is the glue that promotes knowledge exchange and innovation hence, an essential strategy for organisations to gain competitive advantage in the markets which they operate. However, the development of social capital does not relegate the importance of investing in human capital in organisations (Cummingham, 2002). Huppi and Seemann (2001) phrased it appropriately that â€Å"human capital resides in the people; social capital resides in the relationships among them†. Using social media, organisations can connect with each other more readily and establish a network of community and relationships without any geographical boundaries. This is exemplified by Accenture, a global consulting and technology services and outsourcing company with circa 259,000 employees (About Accenture). They have created a Knowledge Exchange that is integrated with thousands of communities of practice which enables geographically and spatially dispersed employees to share ideas and collaborate more effectively. Residing on a Microsoft SharePoint platform, it features a wide social network with â€Å"people profiles† with biographies, photos and resumes as well as individual’s interests and skill sets. The Exchange also contains blogs, wikis, market insights and e-learning where sharing ideas and knowledge is evident and encouraged. Through The Exchange, company research revealed positively that there was a 42 percent increase in employees’ engagement and collaboration activities. Top collaborators are recognised with â€Å"celebrating performance points† and rewarded with badges that appear on their people profiles (Zielinski, 2012). Risks of Social Media With the many positive benefits of using social media in organisations, there are inherent risks involved when it is not managed effectively. One risk organisations face on social media platforms is the sharing of information. While it is a good medium for employees to share knowledge and ideas, it could be misused when confidential information and intellectual property are leaked. Most employees are aware of the implications of responding unthinkingly to emails however, the same degree of care and forethought are not always applied to social media sites. Thus, there is a danger that an individual may divulge confidential information mindlessly without realising that it is cast in stone and stored online indefinitely (Everett, 2010). While the decision to post videos, photos, thoughts and experiences on social networking site is entirely personal and â€Å"private†, a single act can spark a fire and create far reaching unimaginable consequences for an individual as well as organisations. A passing comment could end up being misinterpreted and a thoughtless prank filmed could easily go viral online affecting the reputation and profits of a company. An infamous example is the Domino’s Pizza debacle in 2009 whereby two Domino’s employees posted unappetizing videos on YouTube. The gross act of tampering with food damaged the company’s reputation severely and cut into nationwide profits. The only saving grace in this debacle is the company CEO, Patrick Doyle who posted another video in response and gave a well-worded apology and took full responsibility. Apart from the risks involving employee’s improper use of social media, social media presents an opportunity for disgruntled customers and competitors to assail a company’s reputation and start a public relations crisis. Instead of a traditional complaint email viewed only internally, unhappiness about a particular product or service standards can be viewed by potentially everyone in the world through social media. This is aggravated by the sharing functions on social media sites like Facebook whereby one may share another person’s unpleasant experience with their ocial contacts even though it may not have affected him. ‘United Breaks Guitars’, a YouTube video created by Dave Carroll in July 2009 is an example of how a customer can use social media to voice his unhappiness. In the song he blamed United Airlines for breaking the neck of his $3,500 guitar, caused by careless baggage handling and unreasonable policies. As the claim did not occur within the standard 24-hour time frame, it was deemed ineligible. 50,000 views were generated just within 1 day and it grew to 8 million by March 2010. It currently has more than 12 million views with popular shows like ‘The Checkout’ on ABC featuring it. Even though United Airlines did finally offered a $3,000 compensation for the damage made to his guitar, the damage done to the reputation and public relations of United Airlines is estimated to have cost them $180,000 within four days of the song been published. Another risk associated with social media is malware and account security. With most of the time spent on social networking sites, it makes their users ideal malware targets. Typical attacks take advantage on the trust relationships between users and their social contacts and try to trick users into giving up sensitive information which can be exploited for financial gain (Everett, 2010). By clicking on links sent by trusted friends, one might be susceptible to malware infection from drive-by downloads which steals information and might give attacker total access and control of the computer. This is especially disastrous for organisation whereby confidential information and trade secrets may be infringed. By not engaging in social media could be a risk in itself for organisations as nowadays most brands and companies are being discussed online. It is essential for an organisation to have a voice in these conversations, monitor and react timely to negative comments. With the risks involved, an organisation should develop a sound corporate policy on the usage of social media and educate employees of the role they play. The IT department needs to regularly update it security protection and firewall to mitigate any malware attacks or unsecure networks. Conclusion Social media presents a wonderful opportunity for organisations to leverage and share knowledge with each other despite geographical boundaries. With effective management, it promotes social capital where trust relationships can be built and creates a platform of engagement and collaboration. Social media platforms enable organisations to listen to the voices of customers and innovate and act upon the ideas given. By doing so, they gain customers’ loyalty and trust which is important to their success. Lastly, social media allows employees and customer to share their problems and receive suggestions and solutions by other users in real time. However, it is imperative to note that not all is good with social media as it can have disastrous impact on a company if it is not managed effectively. Social media does have a powerful amplifying effect. But just like any technology, it can be used for good or evil.

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